White-crowned Manakin

SCI Name:  Dixiphia pipra
Protonym:  [Parus] Pipra Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.190
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Pipridae / Dixiphia
Taxonomy Code:  whcman2
Type Locality:  'in Indiis'' [= Surinam].
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

Dixiphia
(Tyrannidae; syn. Arundinicola Ϯ White-headed Marsh Tyrant A. leucocephala) Gr. δι- di-  double  < δις dis  twice  < δυο duo  two; ξιφιας xiphias  sword < ξιφος xiphos  sword.  This name has been widely used for the White-crowned Manakin "Dixiphia" pipra, although plate LXIII in Reichenbach 1850, not only illustrates an incorrect head but also shows a thin, elongated and sharply pointed first primary absent in that species.  I brought this to the attention of Guy Kirwan, co-author with Graeme Green of "Cotingas and Manakins" (2011), and "Dixiphia" pipra has now been provided with a new generic name (see Pseudopipra).

PIPRA
(Pipridae; Ϯ Crimson-hooded Manakin P. aureola) Specific name Parus Pipra Linnaeus, 1758  <  Gr. πιπρα pipra (also πιπρω piprō, πιπρως piprōs and πιπων pipōn) small bird mentioned by Aristotle and other authors, never properly identified, and formerly falsely linked with πιπω pipō woodpecker. Its association with the colourful Neotropical manakins seems to be arbitrary; "Manakin  ...  Pipra of Linnaeus  ...  a πιπρα, a certain bird, mentioned by Aristotle" (Pennant 1773); "Pipira:— N[ome]. commum a diversas aves da Fam. Tanagridae" (Garcia 1929) (the absence of an etymology indicates that this is a Brazilian Portuguese name, perhaps from an unknown indigenous source); “the name pipira is used indiscriminately for manakins and thraupines in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru” (Sick 1993); "PIPRA·   Aureola.  PIPRA nigra, capite pectoreque coccineis, remigibus antrorsum macula alba.  Syst. Nat. 10. p. 191. n. 11.  Pet. gaz. t. 46. f. 10.  Seb. thes. I. p. 96. t. 60. f. 8. Avicula mexicana de chichiltototh altera.   CORPUS magnitudine Hirundinis, sed brevius, crassius.  ATRA: Dorsum, Alæ, Cauda.  COCCINEA: Caput, Collum, Pectus, Rostrum, sed versus basin magis flavescens.  REMIGES a latere interiore, in medio, macula alba notatæ.  RECTRICES æquales, immaculatæ, nigræ.  ROSTRUM nigrum, breve, compressum & fere cultratum, basi tectum.  Nares patulæ.  UNGUES acuti, curvi.  Differt a Corvo rostri basi non setis tecta; a Monedula ore non vibrissato.     leucocephala.  PIPRA nigra, capite albo.  Seb. thes. 2. t. 896. f. 5.  Statura Motacillæ, sed Rostrum paulo validius.  CORPUS totum nigrum.  CAPUT totum album.  Vibrissæ ad os validiores quam in congeneribus.     leucocilla.  PIPRA atra, capite supra albo.  CORPUS totum atrum, magnitudine Pari vulgaris.  CAPUT totum tectum supra albis pennis, longioribus quam pro statura.  ROSTRUM brevius, crassius, trigonum, maxilla superiore modice incurvata, ergo propius Pipris quam Tanagris.     minuta.  PIPRA grisea, capite nigro albo-punctato.  CORPUS magnitudine Reguli.  DORSUM & ALÆ supra griseæ.  PECTUS flavescens lineis transversis nigris.  CAPUT nigrum, adspersum punctis albis rotundis, in singula penna singulis.  Mas antice capite lineis carneis, postice punctis albis.  CAUDA fusca, lateribus pallida." (Linnaeus 1764); "Pipra Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Adolphi Friderici, 2, Prodr., p. 32. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray 1840,  List Gen. Birds, p. 33), Parus aureola Linnaeus." (Snow in Peters 1979, VIII, 269).
Var. Pypra, Pigra.
Synon. Cirrhipipra, Teleonema.

pipra
● Gr. πιπρα pipra small bird, never properly identified, but here regarded as a spotted woodpecker (syn. Dendrocopos major kamtschaticus, syn. Dryobates minor kamtschatkensis).
● Genus Pipra Linnaeus, 1764, manakin. Lesson 1831, gave the name "Pardalote Manakin" to the Buff-throated Purpletuft, believing its generic characters to be intermediate between the pardalotes Pardalotus and the manakins (Iodopleura) (see Iodopleura).
● Gr. πιπρα pipra  small bird, never properly identified, mentioned by Aristotle and other authors; "100. PARUS.  ...  Pipra.  9. P. ater, capite supra albo. Mus. Ad. Fr. 2. p.  Avicula toto corpore nigra, cum vitta alba. Seb. mus. 2. p. 102. t. 96. f. 5.  Habitat in Indiis.  Statura Motacillæ, similis sequenti, sed rostrum paulo validius. Corpus totum nigrum. Caput totum album. Vibrissæ ad os, validiores quam in congeneribus." (Linnaeus 1758) (Pseudopipra).

SUBSPECIES

White-crowned Manakin (Zeledon's)
SCI Name: Dixiphia pipra anthracina
anthracina / anthracinus
L. anthracinus  coal-black  < Gr. ανθρακινος anthrakinos  made of charcoal  < ανθραξ anthrax, ανθρακος anthrakos  coal (cf. ανθρακινος anthrakinos  deep blue, woad dye).

White-crowned Manakin (White-crowned)
SCI Name: Dixiphia pipra [pipra Group]
Dixiphia
(Tyrannidae; syn. Arundinicola Ϯ White-headed Marsh Tyrant A. leucocephala) Gr. δι- di-  double  < δις dis  twice  < δυο duo  two; ξιφιας xiphias  sword < ξιφος xiphos  sword.  This name has been widely used for the White-crowned Manakin "Dixiphia" pipra, although plate LXIII in Reichenbach 1850, not only illustrates an incorrect head but also shows a thin, elongated and sharply pointed first primary absent in that species.  I brought this to the attention of Guy Kirwan, co-author with Graeme Green of "Cotingas and Manakins" (2011), and "Dixiphia" pipra has now been provided with a new generic name (see Pseudopipra).