Large Woodshrike

SCI Name:  Tephrodornis virgatus
Protonym:  Lanius virgatus Pl.Col. livr.43 pl.256 fig.1
Taxonomy:  Passeriformes / Vangidae / Tephrodornis
Taxonomy Code:  larwoo1
Type Locality:  
Author:  Temminck
Publish Year:  1824
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

TEPHRODORNIS
(Vangidae; Ϯ Large Woodshrike T. virgatus) Gr. τεφρωδης tephrōdēs  like ashes, ash-coloured  < τεφρα tephra  ashes; ορνις ornis, ορνιθος ornithos  bird; "Genus, TEPHRODORNIS.  Rostrum validum, abrupte aduncum; plumæ capistri rigidæ recumbentes et nares abscondentes.  Pedes debiles, graciles; tarsus halluce longior; digiti laterales inæquales; ungues parvi.  Alæ mediocres latæ, oblique rotundatæ.  Cauda mediocris, æqualis vel lævissime bifurca.   Type.— Lanius virgatus, TEMM. Pl. Col., 256." (Swainson 1832); "Tephrodornis Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2 (1831), p. 482. Type, by original designation and monotypy, Lanius virgatus Temminck = Lanius gularis Raffles." (Deignan in Peters 1960, IX, 219).  Some authors suggest that this genus, together with Megabyas, Bias, and Hemipus, be separated in a new family,Tephrodornithidae.
Synon. Creurgus, Keroula, Tenthaca, Tephrolanius.

virgatum / virgatus
L. virgatus  striped, streaked  < virga  streak.
● ex “Streaked Heron” of Pennant 1785, and Latham 1785 (?syn. Butorides virescens).
● ex “Gobe-mouche à poitrine tachetée de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 574, fig. 3, and “Streaked Fly-catcher” of Latham 1783 (syn. Myiophobus fasciatus).

SUBSPECIES

Large Woodshrike (pelvicus)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus pelvicus
pelvica / pelvicus
Mod L. pelvicus  of the pelvis or loins, pelvic  < L. pelvis  basin  < Gr. πελλις pellis, πελλιδος pellidos  bowl.

Large Woodshrike (jugans)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus jugans
jugans
L. iugans, iugantis  connecting, joining  < iugare  to connect.

Large Woodshrike (verneyi)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus verneyi
vernayi / verneyi
Arthur Stannard Vernay (1877-1960) English/US antiquarian, collector, sponsor, Trustee of AMNH (subsp. Alauda gulgula, subsp. Cecropis daurica, subsp. Cyornis poliogenys, subsp. Dendrocitta vagabunda, Gymnobucco, subsp. Leiothrix argentauris, subsp. Lonchura kelaarti, subsp. Rhipidura albogularis, subsp. Tephrodornis virgatus).

Large Woodshrike (annectens)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus annectens
annectans / annectens
L. annectens, annectentis  connecting  < annectere  to connect.
● “Annectans nobis.  Annectant Bhuchanga nobis.  A singular species, returning, both by its form and habits, towards the forest,-haunting [sic] birds first described, through the 3rd or Tectirostris [= Dicrurus remifer], which it very closely resembles in the form of its bill” (Hodgson 1836) (see Bhuchanga) (Dicrurus).
● “This form serves to connect Sibia Hodg., as exemplified by S. capistrata, with Yuhina but cannot be placed satisfactorily with either.” (Blyth 1847) (Heterophasia).
● "Passerella iliaca annectens, subsp. nov.  YAKUTAT FOX SPARROW.  Similar to P. i. insularis but smaller (the bill especially) and coloration slightly darker; similar to P. i. townsendi, but the brown color less castaneous" (Ridgway 1900) (subsp. Passerella unalaschcensis).

Large Woodshrike (fretensis)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus fretensis
fretensis
L. fretensis  of the straits  < fretum  strait, sound.

Large Woodshrike (virgatus)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus virgatus
virgatum / virgatus
L. virgatus  striped, streaked  < virga  streak.
● ex “Streaked Heron” of Pennant 1785, and Latham 1785 (?syn. Butorides virescens).
● ex “Gobe-mouche à poitrine tachetée de Cayenne” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 574, fig. 3, and “Streaked Fly-catcher” of Latham 1783 (syn. Myiophobus fasciatus).

Large Woodshrike (mekongensis)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus mekongensis
mekongensis
Mekong River, Thailand.

Large Woodshrike (hainanus)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus hainanus
hainana / hainanensis / hainanum / hainanus
Hainan I., China.

Large Woodshrike (latouchei)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus latouchei
latouchei
John David Digues La Touche (1861-1935) Irish ornithologist, in Imperial Maritime Customs Service, China 1882-1921 (syn. Cygnus cygnus, subsp. Garrulax lanceolatus, syn. Monticola solitarius philippensis, subsp. Phylloscopus valentini, subsp. Pycnonotus aurigaster, subsp. Tephrodornis virgatus).

Large Woodshrike (frenatus)
SCI Name: Tephrodornis virgatus frenatus
frenata / frenatus
L. frenatus  bridled  < frenare  to bridle  < frena, frenorum  bridle, reins  < frenum  bridle, curb, bit   < frendere  to grind the teeth (e.g. coloured malar or moustachial streaks or patterned lores).
 "3.  PTILOTIS FRENATA, nov. sp.   Of this new species, for which I beg leave to propose the name of P. frenata, on account of the markings at the base of the bill and round the face, some few individuals were obtained frequenting the Eucalypti while in blossom, near the margin of a swamp in the Cardwell district." (Ramsay 1875) (Bolemoreus).
• "MÉRION BRIDÉ.  MALURUS FRENATUS. TEMM.   Nous désignons ce Mérion par l'épithète mentionnée, vu qu'il porte de chaque côté du cou une bande blanche longitudinale partant de l'angle du bec, et disposée sur le cou comme s'il était muni de brides." (Temminck 1826) (Chaetops).
• "Nectarinia frenata, s. sp. is over het geheel zeer naauw verwant aan Nect. eximia, Temm. (Nect. pectoralis, Horsf.), doch het mannetje mist de metaal-zwartachtig blaauwe vlek op het voorhoofd, terwijl het aan iedere zijde van het hoofd twee (ééne boven en ééne beneden het oog) smalle, licht gele, overlangsche strepen heeft." (S. Müller 1843) (subsp. Cinnyris jugularis).
• "FALCO.   ...   656. F. frenatus Ill. Fem.  Buse brune des champs Azar. 33. Brasil.  Obs. Hujus Mas: Epervier noir et blanc Azar. 28.  F. leucomelas Ill." (Lichtenstein 1823) (syn. Circus cinereus ☼).
• "*304 B. — Cyornis frenatus, Sp. Nov.  ...  The prominent feature of this new species is a broad pure white streak from the point of the forehead to the upper part of the eye, extending a little beyond the level of the anterior angle of the latter.  The greater part of the lores, at any rate that portion immediately in front of the eye, is black." (Hume 1880) (syn. Cyornis rufigastra).
• "SCOLOPAX.   ...   770. S. Gallinago Lin. —  Aegypt. Senegamb.   Not. Sc. frenata Ill. e Brasilia (Becassime Azar. 387.)  vix a Gallinagine distinguenda." (Lichtenstein 1823) (syn. Gallinago paraguaiae).
• "CHLOROTHRAUPIS CARMIOLI FRENATA subsp. n.   Chl. Chl. carmioli dictae simillima, differt loris plumulisque frontalibus naribus proximis flavescentibus, nec pileo concoloribus (olivaceis)" (von Berlepsch 1907) (Habia).
• "Zahlreiche, von uns verglichene Exemplare des sogenannten M. Bullockii aus Sennaar unterscheiden sich constant von dem Vogel Westafrica's durch den türkisblauen Saum, welcher, unter dem Kinne herlaufend, den schwarzen Kopfseitenfleck untenher ganz, oben aber auf der Stirn, deutlich sichtbar bis über das Auge hinaus begränzt.  Diese Zeichnung ist beiden Geschlechtern eigenthümlich und fehlt dem ächten M. Bullockii Westafrica's durchaus, welcher, wie Swainson mit Recht bemerkt, nur einen schwach bläulichen Anflug vor den Nasenlöchern zeigt.  Zudem ist der dunkelblaue Saum des schwarzen Flügelflecks bei dem Vogel Ostafrica's, für welchen wir den Namen M. frenatus vorschlagen, schöner und deutlicher, als bei M. Bullockii." (Hartlaub 1854) (subsp. Merops bulocki).
• "*No. 22.  S. frenata. —  Saxicola frenata Heugl. —  Saxicola (?) Heugl. Cab. Journ. 1862. p. 290. —  Saxicola Kotschyana Pr. Würt. Coll. Mergenth —  S. ferruginea Heugl. Syst. Ueb. No. 234.  ...  loris et regione parotica nigerrimis; stria supraoculari a naribus orta, mento, gula, tectricibus superioribus caudae albis" (von Heuglin 1869) (Oenanthe).
• "LA PERRUCHE A COLLIER ROSE.  ...  une petite ligne noire du coin de l'œil aux narines." (Levaillant, 1801, Hist. nat. perroquets, I, text to pl. XXII); description not yet seen (Lichtenstein, 1820, Zweites Preisverzeichniss Doubletten Zool. Mus. K. Univ. Berlin, p. 1) (syn. Psittacula krameri).
• "As Mr. Sharpe [Cat. Birds B. M. III, p. 278] has already pointed out, the Sumatran and Malaccan birds are specifically distinct from those from Java (virgatus Temm.) by their larger size, and by the grayish brown color being much darker and reaching up to the chin, leaving the moustaches pure white  ...  In our three specimens from Borneo, amongst which only one fully adult male, the bill is considerably larger and stouter than in those from Sumatra.  ...  If the mentioned characters might prove to hold good in more material than I have at my disposal, I would propose to separate the Bornean specimens under the name of T. frenatus, under which name Temminck separated the mentioned three specimens from Borneo from those from Java and Sumatra as a new species, though this latter, as so many others, were never published." (Büttikofer 1887) (subsp. Tephrodornis virgatus).
• "5)  Columba frenata.   C. capite olivaceo-griseo; sincipite dilutiore; gula pure alba; deraeo laete cano; facie subtiliter cinereo-rufescente a parauchenio vitta nigra separata; regione auriculari macula oblonga nigricante" (von Tschudi 1843) (Zentrygon).
• see  fretensis (syn. Hirundo rustica gutturalis).