Lanner Falcon

SCI Name:  Falco biarmicus
Protonym:  Falco biarmicus Pl.Col. livr.55 pl.324,text
Taxonomy:  Falconiformes / Falconidae / Falco
Taxonomy Code:  lanfal1
Type Locality:  Caffraria and Cape of Good Hope.
Author:  Temminck
Publish Year:  1825
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

FALCO
(Falconidae; † Eurasian Hobby F. subbuteo) Late L. falco, falconis  falcon  < L. flectere  to curve (alluding to the curved talons) (cf. Late Gr. φαλκων phalkōn, φαλκωνος phalkōnos  falcon). "41. FALCO.  Rostrum aduncum, basi cera instructum.  Caput pennis arcte tectum.  Lingua bifida.  ...  Aquilæ dictæ fuere Falcones majores, pedibus hirsutis.  ...  Falconaria avs ad aucupium & venatum instruendi Falcones transiit in Scientiam; inter auctores plurimos eminet d'Esparon Falconaria. Francs. 1617. quart." (Linnaeus 1758). This genus is the second diagnosed in avian nomenclature. "Falco Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 88.  Type, by subsequent designation, Falco subbuteo Linné. (A. O. U. Committee, 1886.)" (Peters, 1931, I, 284); "Falco Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 88, 1758—type, by subs. desig. (Brit. Orn. Un-Comm., List of British Birds, p. 149, 1915),² Falco Subbuteo Linnaeus.   ...   ² The A. O. U. Committee (1886), though generally credited with designating the genotype, unfortunately failed to do so, but merely determined Falco subbuteo as type by employing the inadmissable method of elimination." (Hellmay & Conover, 1949, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (4), p. 293); "Falco Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 88. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 3), "F. peregrinus L." = Falco peregrinus Tunstall." (Amadon in Peters, 1979, I, 2nd ed., p. 400); "FALCO Linnaeus, 1758  M - Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758; type by subsequent designation (A.O.U., 1886, Check List, 2nd ed., p. 193)." (Dickinson and Remsen (eds.), H. & M. Complete Checklist, 4th ed., 2013, 1 (Non-passerines), p. 349).  Linnaeus's Falco comprised twenty-six species (F. Melanætus, F. Chrysaëtus, F. fulvus, F. canadensis, F. rusticolus, F. barbarus, F. cærulescens, F. Albicilla, F. Pygargus, F. Milvus, F. forficatus, F. gentilis, F. Subbuteo, F. Buteo, F. Tinnunculus, F. sufflator, F. cachinnans, F. sparverius, F. columbarius, F. Lanarius, F. Haliætus, F. Gyrfalco, F. apivorus, F. æruginosus, F. palumbarius, F. Nisus).
Synon. Aegypius, Aesalon, Archifalco, Asturaetus, Cataractes, Cenchris, Cerchneis, Chiquera, Confusiana, Cuvieria, Dendrofalco, Dissodectes, Dorcadothera, Erythropus, Eufalco, Euhierax, Falcolus, Falcula, Gennadas, Gennaia, Gyrfalco, Harpe, Hierax, Hierofalco, Hypotriorchis, Ieracidea, Lanarius, Lithofalco, Megacerchneis, Neofalco, Nesierax, Notofalco, Palifalco, Pannychistes, Planofalco, Plioaetus, Pnigohierax, Poecilornis, Pontotriorchis, Rhynchodon, Rhynchofalco, Tichornis, Tinnunculus, Tolmerus, Turumtia.

falco
Late L. falco, falconis  falcon  < L. flectere  to curve; the “Sekretär” of Gravenhorst 1817 (syn. Sagittarius serpentarius).

biarmicus
● Temminck 1825, believed the original Linnaean epithet of “biarmicus” (see below under Panurus) meant ‘bearded’ when he gave that name to the Lanner Falcon (“Faucon biarmique”), with reference to its moustached appearance (see below under Thripias namaquus) (cf. "The species name biarmicus comes from the Latin bi and armicus for 'two' and 'armed', apparently in reference to the bill's tip and 'tooth'." (Clark & Davies 2018)) (Falco).
● According to Newton & Gadow 1896, the Bearded Reedling was named, erroneously, after Biarmia, an old name for the district of Perm in northern Russia, and this etymology is supported by BOU 1915, and Tyrberg in litt.: “Bjarmaland, the old Norse name for the area around the White Sea. This name is first mentioned in the voyage of Ohthere which is appended to Alfred the Great’s edition [c. 890 AD] of Orosius, but it is also mentioned in several Norse sagas, and the name was well known to mediaeval Scandinavian chroniclers ... The name was latinized as Biarmia, and this is the form used by Olaus Magnus in his Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (1555) and in his map of northern Europe (1567), though by this time Biarmia had become a semi-mythical region somewhere northeast of Sweden and Finland. Olaus Magnus’ History was certainly known by Linnaeus ... It is not clear why Linnaeus should have associated the Bearded Tit with this area, but the fact that at least in Fauna Svecica (1761) and the twelfth edition of Systema Naturae he partially confused the Bearded Tit and the Long-tailed Tit may have some bearing on this” (cf. Albin’s 1738, names “Beardmanica” and “Beard Manica from Juteland” for this bird); "100. PARUS.  ...  biarmicus.  8. P. vertice cano, cauda corpore longiore.  Parus beardmanicus. Alb. av. I. p. 46. t. 48.  Lanius minimus. Edw. av. 55. t. 55.  Habitat in Europa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Panurus).
● ex “Pic à Doubles Moustaches” of Levaillant 1808, pl. 251. "Picus biarmicus (!)**) Cuv. in Mus. Paris.  ...  **) Die Bartmeise (Panurus biarmicus Koch) wurde zuerst in Perm (= Biarmien) entdeckt und desshalb von Linné als Parus biarmicus beschrieben; Cuvier sowohl wie Temminck nahmen nun diesen Namen irrthümlich genug nicht als geographisches Adjectivum sondern glaubten, durch die Anfangssylbe bi, welche sie auf bis deuteten, verleitet, derselbe heisse soviel als "mit zwei Bartstreifen"!!, und nannten so jener den vorliegenden africanischen Laubspecht dieser den cap'schen Edelfalken biarmicus." (Cabanis & Heine 1863) (syn. Thripias namaquus).

Biarmicus
(Panuridae; syn. Panurus † Bearded Tit P. biarmicus) Specific name Parus biarmicus Linnaeus, 1758; "Biarmicus Russicus (künftig sollen Sie bessere erhalten)" (C. Brehm 1881); "Biarmicus C. Brehm in Homeyer, 1881, Ornithol. Briefe, p. 52.  This name, from a letter dated 17 Dec. 1836, is probably a lapsus for Mystacinus Boie, 1822." (JAJ 2020).

SUBSPECIES

Lanner Falcon (feldeggii)
SCI Name: Falco biarmicus feldeggii
felddeggii / feldegg / feldeggi / feldeggii
Col. Christoph Freiherr Fellner von Feldegg (1789-1845) Austrian Army, naturalist, collector in the Balkans (syn. Circus macrourus, subsp. Falco biarmicus, syn. Lanius minor, subsp. Motacilla flava).

Lanner Falcon (erlangeri)
SCI Name: Falco biarmicus erlangeri
erlangeri
Victor Carl Heinrich Freiherr von Erlanger (called Carlo von Erlanger) (1872-1904) German naturalist, collector in tropical Africa 1900-1901 (subsp. Agricola pallidus, Batis, syn. Bostrychia hagedash brevirostris, syn. Calamonastes simplex, subsp. Calandrella blanfordi, subsp. Camaroptera brachyura, syn. Cinnyris erythrocercus, subsp. Cinnyris nectarinioides, syn. Cisticola lugubris, subsp. Colius striatus, syn. Coturnix coturnix africana, syn. Crithagra reichardi striatipectus, syn. Eremomela flavicrissalis, syn. Estrilda astrild peasei, subsp. Eupodotis senegalensis, subsp. Eurocephalus ruppelli, subsp. Falco biarmicus, subsp. Galerida theklae, subsp. Glareola pratincola, subsp. Gyps rueppelli, syn. Halcyon albiventris orientalis, syn. Indicator minor teitensis, syn. Laniarius nigerrimus, syn. Lanius senator, subsp. Neophedina cincta, syn. Nilaus afer minor, syn. Oenanthe melanura neumanni, syn. Otus scops, syn. Phylloscopus sibilatrix, syn. Pinarochroa sordida, syn. Plocepasser mahali propinquatus, subsp. Prinia somalica, subsp. Pterocles exustus, syn. Ptilopsis granti, subsp. Salpornis salvadori, subsp. Smutsornis africanus, syn. Sylvietta isabellina, syn. Tchagra senegalus habessinicus, syn. Turtur chalcospilos, syn. Tychaedon quadrivirgata, subsp. Tyto alba, syn. Urorhipis rufifrons smithi, syn. Zosterops poliogastrus).

Lanner Falcon (tanypterus)
SCI Name: Falco biarmicus tanypterus
tanypterus
Gr. τανυπτερος tanupteros  long-winged, with extended wings  < τανυ- tanu-  long-  < τεινω teinō  to stretch; -πτερος -pteros  -winged  < πτερον pteron  wing.

Lanner Falcon (abyssinicus)
SCI Name: Falco biarmicus abyssinicus
abyssinaica / abyssinica / abyssinicus / abyssinus
Mod. L. Abyssinicus Abyssinian, of Abyssinia or Ethiopia (Arabic name Habaš for the area < Geez, the classical language of Ethiopia, used Habaśā for the peoples of the region). In ornithology ‘Abyssinian’ is often still used, since it covers both Eritrea and Ethiopia and cannot be confused with ‘Ethiopian’, a former term for the Afrotropical zoögeographical region.
● ex “Grand Calao d’Abyssinie” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 779, “Calao d’Abyssinie” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “Abyssinian Hornbill” of Latham 1781 (Bucorvus).
● ex “Rollier d’Abyssinie” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 626, and “Abyssinian Roller” of Latham 1781 (Coracias).
● ex "Gros bec d'Abyssinie" of de Buffon 1770-1786, and "Abyssinian Grosbeak" of Latham 1783 (subsp. Ploceus cucullatus).
● ex “Waalia Pigeon” of Bruce 1790 (syn. Treron waalia).
● ex “Merle brun d’Abissinie” of Brisson 1760, and “Abyssinian Thrush” of Latham 1783 (Turdus).
● See: habessinicus

Lanner Falcon (biarmicus)
SCI Name: Falco biarmicus biarmicus
biarmicus
● Temminck 1825, believed the original Linnaean epithet of “biarmicus” (see below under Panurus) meant ‘bearded’ when he gave that name to the Lanner Falcon (“Faucon biarmique”), with reference to its moustached appearance (see below under Thripias namaquus) (cf. "The species name biarmicus comes from the Latin bi and armicus for 'two' and 'armed', apparently in reference to the bill's tip and 'tooth'." (Clark & Davies 2018)) (Falco).
● According to Newton & Gadow 1896, the Bearded Reedling was named, erroneously, after Biarmia, an old name for the district of Perm in northern Russia, and this etymology is supported by BOU 1915, and Tyrberg in litt.: “Bjarmaland, the old Norse name for the area around the White Sea. This name is first mentioned in the voyage of Ohthere which is appended to Alfred the Great’s edition [c. 890 AD] of Orosius, but it is also mentioned in several Norse sagas, and the name was well known to mediaeval Scandinavian chroniclers ... The name was latinized as Biarmia, and this is the form used by Olaus Magnus in his Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (1555) and in his map of northern Europe (1567), though by this time Biarmia had become a semi-mythical region somewhere northeast of Sweden and Finland. Olaus Magnus’ History was certainly known by Linnaeus ... It is not clear why Linnaeus should have associated the Bearded Tit with this area, but the fact that at least in Fauna Svecica (1761) and the twelfth edition of Systema Naturae he partially confused the Bearded Tit and the Long-tailed Tit may have some bearing on this” (cf. Albin’s 1738, names “Beardmanica” and “Beard Manica from Juteland” for this bird); "100. PARUS.  ...  biarmicus.  8. P. vertice cano, cauda corpore longiore.  Parus beardmanicus. Alb. av. I. p. 46. t. 48.  Lanius minimus. Edw. av. 55. t. 55.  Habitat in Europa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Panurus).
● ex “Pic à Doubles Moustaches” of Levaillant 1808, pl. 251. "Picus biarmicus (!)**) Cuv. in Mus. Paris.  ...  **) Die Bartmeise (Panurus biarmicus Koch) wurde zuerst in Perm (= Biarmien) entdeckt und desshalb von Linné als Parus biarmicus beschrieben; Cuvier sowohl wie Temminck nahmen nun diesen Namen irrthümlich genug nicht als geographisches Adjectivum sondern glaubten, durch die Anfangssylbe bi, welche sie auf bis deuteten, verleitet, derselbe heisse soviel als "mit zwei Bartstreifen"!!, und nannten so jener den vorliegenden africanischen Laubspecht dieser den cap'schen Edelfalken biarmicus." (Cabanis & Heine 1863) (syn. Thripias namaquus).