Common Flameback

SCI Name:  Dinopium javanense
Protonym:  Picus javanensis K.Vet.Akad.NyaHandl. 18 p.134 pl.6
Taxonomy:  Piciformes / Picidae / Dinopium
Taxonomy Code:  comfla1
Type Locality:  Java.
Author:  Ljungh
Publish Year:  1797
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

DINOPIUM
(Picidae; Ϯ Common Flame-back D. javanense) Gr. δεινος deinos  mighty, huge; ωψ ōps, ωπος ōpos  appearance; "Description de 4 nouvelles espèces d'Oiseaux de l'Ile de Java, observés dans le museum de Mr. Peale à Philadelphie, Turnix javanica, Dinopium (Picoides) erythronotus, Hirundo longipennis et Sylvia cuneata." (Rafinesque 1814); "Dinopium Rafinesque, Principes Fondamentaux de Somiologie, 1814, p. 2 of cover. Type, by monotypy, Dinopium (Picoides) erythronotus Rafinesque, which is based on "le picoïde à dos rouge", Bull. des Sciences de Soc. Philom., Paris, 3, 1803, p. 146 = Picus javanensis Ljungh." (Peters, 1948, VI, p. 143). 
Var. Dinopicus (Gr. πικος pikos  woodpecker). 
Synon. Brachypternopicus, Brachypternus, Brahmapicus, Chloropicoides, Chrysonotus, Gauropicoides, Mesospilus, Tiga.

javaensis / javana / javanense / javanensis / javanica
Java, Dutch East Indies / Indonesia.  The origins of the island name (Jawa in Indonesian) are obscure  ?< Malay Jewa  millet  < Sanskrit Yava  barley.
● ex “Javan Partridge” of Brown 1776, and Latham 1783 (Arborophila).
● ex “Martin-Pêcheur de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 757 (subsp. Pelargopsis capensis).
● Erroneous TL. Java (= Australia); ex “Tourterelle de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 177, “Turvert” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “Javan Turtle” of Latham 1783 (syn. Chalcophaps chrysochlora).

SUBSPECIES

Common Flameback (malabaricum)
SCI Name: Dinopium javanense malabaricum
malabarica / malabaricum / malabaricus
Malabar or Malabar Coast, India (Arabic name Malibar for the south-western coast of India).
● ex “Beaks of curious birds, pl. 281, fig. D” of Edwards 1758-1764, “Calao de Malabar” of de Buffon 1770-1785, and “Pied Hornbill” of Latham 1781 (syn. Anthracoceros coronatus).
● ex “Petit merle de la côte de Malabar” of Sonnerat 1776, and “Yellow-fronted Thrush” of Latham 1783 (syn. Chloropsis aurifrons).
● ex “Grand Gobe-mouches de la côte de Malabar” of Sonnerat 1782 (syn. Dicrurus paradiseus).
● ex “Drongo à Raquettes” of Levaillant 1805, pl. 175 (syn. Dicrurus paradiseus).
● ex “Alouette huppée de la Côte de Malabar” of Sonnerat 1782 (Galerida).
● ex "Gobe-mouche à longue queue de Gingi" of Sonnerat 1782 (Kittacincla).
● "96. LOXIA.  ...  malabarica.  24. L. cinerea, remigibus rectricibusque nigris, gula anoque albis.  Habitat in Indiis.  Corpus magnitudine & facie Pari. Rostrum nigrum. Gula alba. Remiges & Rectrices nigræ. Ani regio albida." (Linnaeus 1758) (Lonchura).
● ex “Mésange de la côte de Malabar” of Sonnerat 1782, and “Malabar Titmouse” of Latham 1783 (subsp. Pericrocotus cinnamomeus).
● ex “Martin vieillard de la côte de Malabar” of Sonnerat 1776, and “Malabar Thrush” of Latham 1783 (Sturnia).
● ex "Pluvier de la côte Malabar" of d'Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 880, and "Pluvier à lambeaux" of de Buffon 1770-1785 (Vanellus).

Common Flameback (intermedium)
SCI Name: Dinopium javanense intermedium
intermedea / intermedia / intermedianus / intermedium / intermedius
L. intermedius  intermediate, that is between (cf. Late L. intermedium  intervention, between two others; Med. L. intermedium  interval).  These epithets are common in ornithology, highlighting forms considered to have intermediate plumage, size, distribution, etc.; only a few are shown below.
• “Genus Ardea.   ...   A. intermedia.  ...  Habitat in insula Java.  Simillima habitu ac colore Ardeae flavirostri, eadem dimidio fere minor.” (Wagler 1829) (Ardea).
• "73.  Coracina papuensis papuensis Gm.   ...   The birds from the Snow Mts. are exactly intermediate between C. p. papuensis from N. W. New Guinea and C. p. meekiana from S. E. New Guinea; so I propose to call the race found on the south side of the Central Range.   Coracina papuensis intermedia subsp. nov." (Rothschild 1931) (subsp. Coracina papuensis).
• "Ce tinamou présente, comme nous l'avons dit, des caractères de transition entre Calopezus elegans et Calopezus formosus.  Cette nouvelle espèce, ou peut-être race intermédiaire, qui paraît localisée dans les régions montagneuses du Nord-ouest de la République Argentine, nous la distinguerons avec le nom de:  Calopezus intermedius n. sp.   ...   Il est possible que Calopezus intermedius et Calopezus formosus représentent seulement des formes géographiques de Calopezus elegans" (Dabbene & Lillo 1913) ( subsp. Eudromia elegans).
• "Formicivora   ...   F. grisea  ...  Kommt in Brasilien, Cayenne und Guiana vor.   ...   F. rufatra  ...  Vaterland: Brasilien und Bolivien.   ...   F. intermedia.  ...  Vaterland: Columbien" (Cabanis 1847) (Formicivora).
• "Falco pondicerianus apud Horsfield is a race intermediate to Haliastur indus of India proper and H. leucosternum of Australia, having dark central streaks to the white portion of the plumage, but considerably less developed than (constantly) in the Indian bird..  ...  Of very many examples of the Indian race examined or beheld close, I certainly have never seen one that had the dark streaks or lines so little developed as in the Javanese bird, or most assuredly I should have remarked it.  To what extent the Indian and Australian races may thus grade into each other, in other intermediate localities, remains to be ascertained.  ...  Mr. Gurney informs me that he thinks the Javanese race should be distinguished by the name intermedius." (Blyth 1865) (subsp. Haliastur indus).
• "Then we have in Tenasserim, most abundant in the hills, but extending in the cold weather to the sea-board and the plains of Pegu, a race of melaschistus, which I will, for convenience sake, denominate VOLVOCIVORA  INTERMEDIA.  It is very close to melaschistus, and as such I originally identified it, but with 24 specimens before me I find that sex being ascertained no specimen of it can be mistaken for a specimen of the corresponding sex of melaschistus, but it is much the same size, and the old males are nearly as possible the same colour as the females of melaschistus.  ...  I am very doubtful whether this should be considered a subspecies or not, but it is a very distinguishable and perfectly constant race, and not one single specimen of true melaschistus has occurred to us throughout the region in which it is so abundant, and it may be best therefore to characterize it by a distinct name." (Hume 1877) (subsp. Lalage melaschistos).
• "5.  SETOPHAGA  INTERMEDIA, Nob.  ...  Espèce typique intermédiaire entre la S. vulnerata et la S. verticalis, Lafresn.  Elle diffère de la première par un bec plus grand et plus large, par la gorge cendrée, par le coloris de la queue, par la couleur de l'abdomen; la S. verticalis, Lafr. est jaune d'œuf en dessous." (Hartlaub 1852) (subsp. Myioborus miniatus).
• "3. CRYPTOLOPHA  INTERMEDIA  La Touche, sp. n.   Near C. tephrocephala (Anders.) and C. affinis (Hodgs.).  Differs from the former in having a much shorter bill, and the secondary coverts distinctly tipped with pale yellow, forming a well-marked bar; from C. affinis it differs in having a ring of feathers round the eye, yellow." (La Touche 1898) (Phylloscopus).
• “728. —  Pipreola viridis intermedia  ...  Forme intermédiaire entre la P. viridis de la Bolivie et la P. melanolæma de l’Ecuador, plus voisine de la dernière.” (Taczanowski 1884) (Pipreola).
• "Ploceus intermedius.  Sehr nahe mit meinem Ploceus larvatus verwandte Art.  Vorderkopf bis über den hintern Augenwinkel, Kehle, Oberhals und Ohrengegend schwarz, Hinterkopf und Nacken röthlich braungelb.  Mitte der Brust orangengelb, Seiten des Halses und Unterkörpers citrongelb.  Rücken gelbgrün, gegen den Schwanz hin citronengelb." (Rüppell 1845) (Ploceus).
• “This species is somewhat intermediate between Palaeornis schisticeps and P. cyanocephala in size and coloration, but is nearer P. schisticeps” (Rothschild 1895) (syn. Psittacula cyanocephala x Psittacula himalayana).
• "RHIPIDURA  INTERMEDIA, sp. nov.  ...  Dr. Sharpe's description of Rhipidura rufifrons in the "Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum," vol. iv., p. 319 (1879), evidently applies to this species, for he describes the tail feathers as being "distinctly tipped with white."  The type of Rhipidura rufifrons characterized by Dr. Latham, was obtained in New South Wales, and has the tips of the tail feathers pale brown, not white.  In the latter respect Rhipidura intermedia agrees with R. torrida, described and figured (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 477, pl. xxviii.) by Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, from the island of Ternate, but R. torrida differs from R. intermedia in having the ear-coverts and upper breast black." (North 1902) (subsp. Rhipidura rufifrons).
• "Sp. intermedia n. sp.  ... Der [Sp.] hypoleuca im Schnabel und der ganzen Gestalt äusserst ähnlich, nur etwas kleiner, von dieser durch die nicht weisse, sondern graue Färbung der Kehle und Brust verschieden, mithin fast ganz so gefärbt wie Sp. plumbea, von welcher intermedia sich nur unterscheidet durch den grössern Schnabel und die kürzeren abgerundeteren, daher nicht so zugespitzten Flügel; auch sind Kehle und Brust etwas dunkler als in plumbea und fehlt das weisse Fleckchen an der Wurzel des Unterkiefers; der weisse Spiegel auf dem Flügel ist kleiner und versteckter" (Cabanis 1851) (Sporophila).
• "Thamnistes anabatinus intermedius subsp. nov.  ...  This form, based on but one specimen, is clearly an intermediate between T. æquatorialis of eastern Ecuador and southeastern Colombia, and the quite different T. anabatinus group of Panama to Mexico.  Its crown and back closely agree in color with those of æquatorialis while the underparts are similar to those of T. a. coronatus; the tail and wings externally are intermediate but nearer to those of coronatus." (Chapman 1914) (subsp. Thamnistes anabatinus).
• "33.  Thamnophilus intermedius, sp. nov.   SP. CHAR.—Adult male: Similar to that of T. nigricristatus LAWR., but bill larger, and feathers of crest largely white in middle portion; adult female similar to that of T. doliatus, but with larger bill." (Ridgway 1888) (subsp. Thamnophilus doliatus).
• "ZOSTEROPS  INTERMEDIA.  ...  Very near Z. flava, but a little larger, more yellow on the forehead and less on the upper tail-coverts, and the black subocular streak not extending so far forward  ...  Hab. Macassar and Lombock.   Remark.—Mr. G. R. Gray attached the MS. name of intermedius to my Macassar specimen." (Wallace 1864) (subsp. Zosterops chloris).

Common Flameback (javanense)
SCI Name: Dinopium javanense javanense
javaensis / javana / javanense / javanensis / javanica
Java, Dutch East Indies / Indonesia.  The origins of the island name (Jawa in Indonesian) are obscure  ?< Malay Jewa  millet  < Sanskrit Yava  barley.
● ex “Javan Partridge” of Brown 1776, and Latham 1783 (Arborophila).
● ex “Martin-Pêcheur de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 757 (subsp. Pelargopsis capensis).
● Erroneous TL. Java (= Australia); ex “Tourterelle de Java” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 177, “Turvert” of de Buffon 1770-1786, and “Javan Turtle” of Latham 1783 (syn. Chalcophaps chrysochlora).

Common Flameback (exsul)
SCI Name: Dinopium javanense exsul
exsul
L. exsul  exile  < ex  out of; solum  country, land (i.e. remote, isolated, insular).

Common Flameback (raveni)
SCI Name: Dinopium javanense raveni
raveni
Henry Cushier Raven (1889-1944) US explorer, collector in the East Indies 1914-1918 (Coracornis, subsp. Dinopium javanense).