Atlantic Puffin

SCI Name:  Fratercula arctica
Protonym:  Alca arctica Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.130
Taxonomy:  Charadriiformes / Alcidae / Fratercula
Taxonomy Code:  atlpuf
Type Locality:  Seas of northern Europe; restricted type locality, Norway.
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Vulnerable

DEFINITIONS

FRATERCULA
(Alcidae; Ϯ Atlantic Puffin F. arctica) Med. L. fraterculus  friar  < L. fraterculus  little brother  < dim. frater  brother; probably from the Puffin’s portly appearance and black and white garb (according to Olafsen 1774 a local Icelandic name for the Puffin signified 'priest' (cf. Cornish name "Pope" for the Puffin, mentioned by Willughby 1676)); “The mediaeval name, from the bird’s gregarious habits” (BOU 1915); “perhaps with ref. to the bird’s habit, when rising from the sea, of clasping its feet as though in prayer” (Macleod, 1954); "Fratercula superne nigra, inferne alba; capite ad latera, guttureque sordide albo-griseis: torque nigro; rectricibus nigricantibus" (Brisson 1760): based on "Fratercula" of Gessner 1555, and Aldrovandus 1599-1603, "Lunda" of Clusius 1605, "Puffinus" of Charleton 1668, "Spheniscus" of Moehring 1752, Alca Arctica Linnaeus, 1758, and other references; "Fratercula Brisson, Orn., 1760, 1, p. 52; 6, p. 81. Type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Fratercula Brisson = Alca arctica Linné." (Peters, 1934, II, p. 358).
Synon. Ceratoblepharum, Cheniscus, Gymnoblepharum, Larva, Lunda, Mormon, Puffinus, Sagmatorrhina.

fratercula / fraterculus
L. fraterculus  little brother (i.e. smaller than, related or allied to)  < dim. frater  brother.
● "Acrocephalus cinnamomeus fraterculus, subsp. nov.  ...  Differs from nominate cinnamomeus in being colder and darker brown over the vertex (Mummy Brown (pl. xv), with slightly paler fringes to the feathers, as against ochraceous Saccardo's Umber)" (Clancey 1975) (syn. Acrocephalus scirpaceus suahelicus).
● "ALCIPPE FRATERCULA, n. sp.   A. similis A. nipalensi, sed major et ubique saturatior, pileo schistaceo nec vinascenti-cineraceo, fasciis pilei lateralis ad latera colli productis, nigris" (Rippon 1900) (subsp. Alcippe morrisoniana).
● "AMMOMANES FRATERCULUS, nov. sp.., mihi.  Ab A. isabellina differt statura minore, rostro brevissimo et tenui et gula isabellina nec albida." (Tristram 1864) (syn. Ammomanes deserti).
● "Auriparus flaviceps fraterculus subsp. nov.  ...  Decidedly smaller and yellow of head very much brighter (more orange) and more extensively yellow than either A. f. flaviceps or A. f. ornatus, in both of these respects very similar to A. f. lamprocephalus" (Van Rossem 1930) (syn. Auriparus flaviceps).
● "BRADYPTERUS BABÆCULUS FRATERCULUS, new subspecies.   Escarpment Reed-Warbler.  ...  Most closely resembling Bradypterus babæculus babæculus (Vieillot), but darker brown above and less spotted below." (Mearns 1913) (syn. Bradypterus centralis elgonensis).
● "Henicopernis longicauda fraterculus subsp. nov.  ...  Wir glauben daher, eine Japen-Rasse abtrennen zu dürfen, die sich durch kleinen Wuchs auszeichnet." (Rothschild et al. 1932) (syn. Henicopernis longicauda).
● "398. D. arizonæ (HARGITT).  Arizona Woodpecker.   b². Smaller: Length 6.25, wing 4.10, tail. 2.60, exposed culmen .78.  Hab. South-western Mexico (Sierra Madre of Colima).   D. arizonæ fraterculus RIDGW.  Colima Woodpecker." (Ridgway 1887) (subsp. Leuconotopicus arizonae).
● "Onychorhynchus mexicanus fraterculus subsp. nov.  ...  It (the new form) is like true O. mexicanus in color and color pattern, but is very much smaller, with proportionally larger bill (actually, about the same width and but little shorter)." (Bangs 1902) (subsp. Onychorhynchus mexicanus).
● "PERICROCOTUS FRATERCULUS, sp. n.   This brightly coloured Minivet is a resident in Hainan, and found in all the woody parts of the island.  It is a diminutive of P. speciosus (Lath.), but is much smaller, with smaller and less-hooked bill.  The males of the two races do not appear to differ in colour; but the female of the lesser bird is much brighter-coloured, with the front band bright yellow." (Swinhoe 1870) (subsp. Pericrocotus flammeus).
● "PHÆTHORNIS ADOLPHEI FRATERCULUS, subsp. nov.  Brown Pigmy Humming-bird.  ...  Close to P. a. saturatus of western Panama and Costa Rica but distinctly darker above and below, crown more sooty brownish, upper tail coverts darker and more chestnut and light tips of tail feathers narrower." (Nelson 1912) (syn. Phaethornis striigularis saturatus).
● "Thamnophilus doliatus fraterculus subsp. nov.  ...  Th. ♂ a mari L. doliatus dicti differt plumis pilei albis latius nigro terminatis, vittis nigris in corpore inferiore multo angustioribus, necnon vittis albis in rectricibus latioribus, potius maculiformibus nec linearibus." (von Berlepsch & Hartert 1902) (syn. Thamnophilus doliatus).

arctica
L. arcticus northern, arctic < Gr. αρκτικος arktikos northern < αρκτος arktos north.
● "63. ALCA.  ...  arctica.  3. A. rostro compresso-ancipiti sulcato sulcis quatuor, oculorum orbita temporibusque albis. Fn. svec. 118.  Anas arctica. Clus. exot. 104. Raj. av. 120. Worm. mus. 302. Olear. mus. t. 15. f. 5. Will. orn. 244. t. 65. Raj. av. 120. Alb. av. 2. p. 73. t. 78. 79.  Lunda. Gesn. av. 725. Oelig. mus. 2. f. 11. t. 11. f. 21.  Habitat in Europæ borealis oceano." (Linnaeus 1758) (Fratercula).
● "68. COLYMBUS.  ...  arcticus.  1. C. pedibus palmatis indivisis, gutture nigro-purpurascente. Fn. svec. 121. It. gotl. 341.  Colymbus arcticus Lumme. Worm. mus. 304. t. 305. Will. orn. 259. t. 62. Raj. av. 125. Oelig. mus. I. f. 11. t. 1. f. 2.  Mergus maximus ferroensis s. arcticus. Clus. exot. 102.  Colymbus collo rubro. Edw. av. 97. t. 97. & 146. t. 140.  Habitat in Europa & America boreali; lacustris.  Mas sub gula purpurascens, Femina vero nigra; monogama; ova 2. in littore; nequit incedere; feris exosa; clamitando tempestate præsagit; migrat in proximam Germaniam.  Confr. Colymbus maximus caudatus. Alb. av. I. p. 78. t. 82. Raj. av. 125. n. 4. Will. orn. 258. t. 62. f. 1. femina." (Linnaeus 1758) (Gavia).

Arctica
(Alcidae; syn. Alle Ϯ Little Auk A. alle) L. arcticus  northern, arctic  < Gr. αρκτικος arktikos  northern  < αρκτος arktos  north; "69. ARCTICA.*   Rotges. MART. Spitzb. 61. t. M. fig. c.  Plautus columbarius. KLEIN. prodr. av. 146. n. 1.  Des. Rostrum cranio brevius, rectum conico-attenuatum; mandibulæ superioris apice superne parum descendente.  Nares subrotundæ.  Femora tecta, in æquilibrio posita.  Digit. antici tres, absque postico; membrana intermedia toti cohærentes." (Moehring 1752); "ARCTICA, Mœhr. (1752).  Mergulus, (Ray) Vieill. (1816).  Alca, L.  Mormon, Ill.  Uria, Briss.  Cephus, Cuv.   A. alle, (L.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 917." (G. Gray 1841); "Arctica G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841—new name for Mergulus Vieillot." (Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (3), p. 345).

SUBSPECIES

Atlantic Puffin (naumanni)
SCI Name: Fratercula arctica naumanni
naumanni
● Johann Friedrich Naumann (1780-1857) German artist, ornithologist (Falco, syn. Fratercula arctica (ex Mormon glacialis Naumann, 1821), syn. Sylvia atricapilla, syn. Troglodytes troglodytes).
● Franz Andreas Naumann (1891-1960) German ornithologist, collector (Mark Brown in litt.) (syn. Pycnonotus barbatus layardi).
● Johann Andreas Naumann (1744-1826) German farmer, naturalist (Turdus, syn. Turdus obscurus, syn. Zapornia pusilla).

Atlantic Puffin (arctica)
SCI Name: Fratercula arctica arctica
arctica
L. arcticus northern, arctic < Gr. αρκτικος arktikos northern < αρκτος arktos north.
● "63. ALCA.  ...  arctica.  3. A. rostro compresso-ancipiti sulcato sulcis quatuor, oculorum orbita temporibusque albis. Fn. svec. 118.  Anas arctica. Clus. exot. 104. Raj. av. 120. Worm. mus. 302. Olear. mus. t. 15. f. 5. Will. orn. 244. t. 65. Raj. av. 120. Alb. av. 2. p. 73. t. 78. 79.  Lunda. Gesn. av. 725. Oelig. mus. 2. f. 11. t. 11. f. 21.  Habitat in Europæ borealis oceano." (Linnaeus 1758) (Fratercula).
● "68. COLYMBUS.  ...  arcticus.  1. C. pedibus palmatis indivisis, gutture nigro-purpurascente. Fn. svec. 121. It. gotl. 341.  Colymbus arcticus Lumme. Worm. mus. 304. t. 305. Will. orn. 259. t. 62. Raj. av. 125. Oelig. mus. I. f. 11. t. 1. f. 2.  Mergus maximus ferroensis s. arcticus. Clus. exot. 102.  Colymbus collo rubro. Edw. av. 97. t. 97. & 146. t. 140.  Habitat in Europa & America boreali; lacustris.  Mas sub gula purpurascens, Femina vero nigra; monogama; ova 2. in littore; nequit incedere; feris exosa; clamitando tempestate præsagit; migrat in proximam Germaniam.  Confr. Colymbus maximus caudatus. Alb. av. I. p. 78. t. 82. Raj. av. 125. n. 4. Will. orn. 258. t. 62. f. 1. femina." (Linnaeus 1758) (Gavia).

Atlantic Puffin (grabae)
SCI Name: Fratercula arctica grabae
grabae
Carl Julian von Graba (1799-1874) Danish attorney, state counsellor, traveller who visited the Færoes 1828 (subsp. Fratercula arctica).