Arctic Loon

SCI Name:  Gavia arctica
Protonym:  Colymbus arcticus Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.135
Taxonomy:  Gaviiformes / Gaviidae / Gavia
Taxonomy Code:  arcloo
Type Locality:  Europe and North America; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 52.
Author:  Linnaeus
Publish Year:  1758
IUCN Status:  Least Concern

DEFINITIONS

GAVIA
(Gaviidae; † Great Northern Diver G. immer) L. gavia  unidentified seabird, perhaps some sort of gull, which nested amongst rocks; "H. ANSERES  ...  76. GAVIA, rostrum subulatum, compressum.  Pedes palmati, tetradactyli." (J. R. Forster 1788). Both Brisson 1760, and Boddaert 1783 (ex Brisson) also used "Gavia", but not in the generic sense. "Gavia J. R. Forster, 1788, Enchiridion Hist. Nat., p. 38. Type, by subsequent designation (J. A. Allen, 1908, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, p. 35), Colymbus imber Gunnerus = Colymbus immer Brünnich, and by plenary powers (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13, p. 3), Colymbus immer Brünnich." (Storer in Peters, 1979, 1, 2nd ed., p. 135).   
Synon. Cepphus, Colymbus, Eudites, Eudytes, Mergus, Urinator.
• (Laridae; syn. Anous † Brown Noddy A. stolidus) "Gavia, Brisson.  General structure of Sterna; but the tail is even or rounded.   G. leucoceps.   Pl. Enl. 997." (Swainson 1837); "Gavia Swainson, Classif. Birds, vol. ii. p. 373, July 1st, 1837.  Type (by monotypy): Gavia leucoceps Swainson = Sterna stolida Linné." (Mathews, 1927, Syst. Av. Austral., I, p. 145).
• (Laridae; syn. Hydrocoloeus † Little Gull H. minutus) "a. Eigentliche Möven, Gavia; klein, grau u. weiß.  1. Art. L. minutus   ...  2. Art. L. canus, cinereus   ...   3. Art. L. ridibundus, canus   ...   4.  Art. L. Rissa, tridactylus   ...   b. Wielande; größer, mehr braun.   5. Art. L. naevius, marinus" (Oken, 1816, Lehrbuch Naturgesch., III (2), p. 537 (nom. rejic.)).
• (Laridae; syn. Larus † Black-headed Gull L. ridibundus) "KOKMEEUW, in 't Latyn Gavia. Viervingerige Meeuwen, by RAY. Syn. Av. 127. Meeuw, by LINNÆUS. Syst. Nat. gesl. 53" (Moehring 1758); "Krähenmöve. Gavia.  ... Mittelmaßig große Möven mit einfarbig dunkelblauem Kopf im Alter" (Kaup 1829); "Gavia Kaup, 1829,.  Type, by subsequent designation (G. Gray, 1855, Cat. Genera Subgenera Birds Brit. Mus., p. 130), Larus capistratus Temminck, 1820 =  Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766." (JAJ 2021).
• (Laridae; syn. Larus † Slender-billed Gull L. genei) "IV. Gavia Bruch; Gelastes Bp. Zwergmöven.  ... 25)  gelastes Lichtenst." (Bruch 1853); "Gavia Bruch, 1853, Journal für Ornithologie, I (2), p. 102.  New name for Gelastes Bonaparte, ?1852, thus avoiding the abhorrent tautonym Gelastes gelastes." (JAJ 2021).
• (Laridae; syn. Pagophila † Ivory Gull P. eburnea) "137. Gattung. Gavia.1  347. eburneus.  348. tridactylus  .... 1 Unterscheindendes Merkmal dieser Gruppe ist der auffallend kürzere Tarsus. Beyde Arten bewohnen ausschließlich Felsengestade" (Boie 1822); "Gavia: Lar. eburneus Lin." (Boie 1826); "Gavia Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 563.  Type, by subsequent designation (G. Gray, 1840, List Genera Birds, p. 79), G. eburnea (Gm.), i.e. Larus eburneus Phipps, 1774." (JAJ 2021). 
• (Laridae; syn. Rissa † Black-legged Kittiwake R. tridactyla) "14. Gavia B. 1822.  ... 4) Pedes nigri.  5) Rostrum flavum.   ...   1) Larus tridactylus Lin. 12, Rissa Lin. 12. enl. 387.   2) —— eburneus Gm. enl. 994.  3) —— Audouinii Payraudeau" (Boie 1844); "Gavia Boie, 1844, Isis von Oken, col. 191 (not of Boie, 1822).  For the benefit of The Key only, type here fixed by subsequent designation, Larus tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
• (Charadriidae; syn. Vanellus † Northern Lapwing V. vanellus) "3. GAVIA.  Vanellus vulgaris.  Nidulatur in pratis & campis ad colliculos, paucis festucis substratis." (Klein 1766); "Man nennt diese Arten gewöhnlich (offenbar mit allzu wenig Rücksicht auf manche sehr bedeutende, anderweitige Berschiedenheiten unter einander!) ins Gesammt Kibitze (Gavia; Vanellus!)  Ein Wort, welches beiläufig den langgedehnten, klagenden, oft kreischenden Hauptlaut des gemeinen europäischen oder gehäubten K. (V. cristatus) versinnlicht" (Gloger 1842); "Gavia (not of Forster, 1788) Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1, p. 433, 1842—substitute name for Vanellus Brisson." (Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (3), p. 28).
• (Laridae; syn. Xema † Sabine's Gull X. sabini) "GENUS CXLIX. GAVIA. MEW.  The "Sea-Mews" or "Smaller Gulls" have a considerable affinity to the Terns.  ... The name Gavia I have adopted from Brisson.  298. GAVIA ATRICILLA. BLACKISH-GREY-HEADED MEW.  ... 299. GAVIA RIDIBUNDA. BROWN-HEADED MEW.  ... 300. GAVIA SABINI. SABINE'S MEW.  ... 301. GAVIA MINUTA. LITTLE MEW" (MacGillivray 1842); "Gavia MacGillivray, 1842, Manual British Ornith., II, p. 240.  Type, by subsequent designation (G. Gray, 1855, Cat. Genera Subgenera Birds Brit. Mus., p. 130), Xema sabini Leach, i.e. Larus sabini J. Sabine, 1819." (JAJ 2021).

gavia
L. gavia  unidentified seabird, perhaps some sort of gull, which nested amongst rocks (Puffinus, syn. Rissa tridactyla, syn. Vanellus vanellus).

arctica
L. arcticus northern, arctic < Gr. αρκτικος arktikos northern < αρκτος arktos north.
● "63. ALCA.  ...  arctica.  3. A. rostro compresso-ancipiti sulcato sulcis quatuor, oculorum orbita temporibusque albis. Fn. svec. 118.  Anas arctica. Clus. exot. 104. Raj. av. 120. Worm. mus. 302. Olear. mus. t. 15. f. 5. Will. orn. 244. t. 65. Raj. av. 120. Alb. av. 2. p. 73. t. 78. 79.  Lunda. Gesn. av. 725. Oelig. mus. 2. f. 11. t. 11. f. 21.  Habitat in Europæ borealis oceano." (Linnaeus 1758) (Fratercula).
● "68. COLYMBUS.  ...  arcticus.  1. C. pedibus palmatis indivisis, gutture nigro-purpurascente. Fn. svec. 121. It. gotl. 341.  Colymbus arcticus Lumme. Worm. mus. 304. t. 305. Will. orn. 259. t. 62. Raj. av. 125. Oelig. mus. I. f. 11. t. 1. f. 2.  Mergus maximus ferroensis s. arcticus. Clus. exot. 102.  Colymbus collo rubro. Edw. av. 97. t. 97. & 146. t. 140.  Habitat in Europa & America boreali; lacustris.  Mas sub gula purpurascens, Femina vero nigra; monogama; ova 2. in littore; nequit incedere; feris exosa; clamitando tempestate præsagit; migrat in proximam Germaniam.  Confr. Colymbus maximus caudatus. Alb. av. I. p. 78. t. 82. Raj. av. 125. n. 4. Will. orn. 258. t. 62. f. 1. femina." (Linnaeus 1758) (Gavia).

Arctica
(Alcidae; syn. Alle Ϯ Little Auk A. alle) L. arcticus  northern, arctic  < Gr. αρκτικος arktikos  northern  < αρκτος arktos  north; "69. ARCTICA.*   Rotges. MART. Spitzb. 61. t. M. fig. c.  Plautus columbarius. KLEIN. prodr. av. 146. n. 1.  Des. Rostrum cranio brevius, rectum conico-attenuatum; mandibulæ superioris apice superne parum descendente.  Nares subrotundæ.  Femora tecta, in æquilibrio posita.  Digit. antici tres, absque postico; membrana intermedia toti cohærentes." (Moehring 1752); "ARCTICA, Mœhr. (1752).  Mergulus, (Ray) Vieill. (1816).  Alca, L.  Mormon, Ill.  Uria, Briss.  Cephus, Cuv.   A. alle, (L.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 917." (G. Gray 1841); "Arctica G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841—new name for Mergulus Vieillot." (Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. I (3), p. 345).

SUBSPECIES

Arctic Loon (arctica)
SCI Name: Gavia arctica arctica
arctica
L. arcticus northern, arctic < Gr. αρκτικος arktikos northern < αρκτος arktos north.
● "63. ALCA.  ...  arctica.  3. A. rostro compresso-ancipiti sulcato sulcis quatuor, oculorum orbita temporibusque albis. Fn. svec. 118.  Anas arctica. Clus. exot. 104. Raj. av. 120. Worm. mus. 302. Olear. mus. t. 15. f. 5. Will. orn. 244. t. 65. Raj. av. 120. Alb. av. 2. p. 73. t. 78. 79.  Lunda. Gesn. av. 725. Oelig. mus. 2. f. 11. t. 11. f. 21.  Habitat in Europæ borealis oceano." (Linnaeus 1758) (Fratercula).
● "68. COLYMBUS.  ...  arcticus.  1. C. pedibus palmatis indivisis, gutture nigro-purpurascente. Fn. svec. 121. It. gotl. 341.  Colymbus arcticus Lumme. Worm. mus. 304. t. 305. Will. orn. 259. t. 62. Raj. av. 125. Oelig. mus. I. f. 11. t. 1. f. 2.  Mergus maximus ferroensis s. arcticus. Clus. exot. 102.  Colymbus collo rubro. Edw. av. 97. t. 97. & 146. t. 140.  Habitat in Europa & America boreali; lacustris.  Mas sub gula purpurascens, Femina vero nigra; monogama; ova 2. in littore; nequit incedere; feris exosa; clamitando tempestate præsagit; migrat in proximam Germaniam.  Confr. Colymbus maximus caudatus. Alb. av. I. p. 78. t. 82. Raj. av. 125. n. 4. Will. orn. 258. t. 62. f. 1. femina." (Linnaeus 1758) (Gavia).

Arctic Loon (viridigularis)
SCI Name: Gavia arctica viridigularis
viridigularis
L. viridis  green  < virere  to be green; Mod. L. gularis  throated  < L. gula  throat.